Chirag-e-Deen-e-Nabavi -- Tayyummum

Allah says:

Quranic Verses - 5-7
(S5-A7) But if you are ill or travelling or one of you has come after Istinja or had intercourse with wives and water is not available, perform Tayyammum (Dry ablution) with clean earth (sand). Rub your hands on your face and hands. Allah does not want to put you in difficulty.
But He wants to clean you and shower His Blessing so that you express gratitude to Him.

Important: If we think over it, we can realise that Allah is kind enough to provide to us much facility for purification and performance of Namaz (prayer). Even in polluted condition when water is not available for making wudhu (ablution) or taking Gusl (bath) or during journey or due to illness wudhu or Gusl are harmful, then Dry Ablution (Tayyammum) is permissible in both the conditions to offer Namaz (prayer). And with Dry Ablution, reciting Holy Qur'an and touching it, taking round of the Holy Kaaba, entering the Mosque is permissible. Allah has also ordered us to express our sincere gratitude and thanks for His Blessings.

Reasons for Permission of Dry Ablution (Tayyammum)

1. Water is not available with in the radius of one mile**

2. If one is suffering from any disease in which wudhu (ablution) may be harmful to the parts of
the body, risk of life or the fear of thirst.

3. Any beast or harmful animal or enemy is near the water.

4. If there is water in a well without steps and there is no rope, bucket or other means available
to draw the water.

5. Water is available on payment of price and that much of money is not available to pay for it.
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(** The distance of one mile is 3500 yards to 4000 yards. There is difference of opinion on this issue. According to one narration if the water is not available with in one mile in the direction in which the person is travelling then only the Tayyammum (Dry Ablution) is permissible. In other narration it will not be permissible, but if water is not available within one mile in the opposite direction of the journey then the Tayyammum (dry ablution) would be permissible. Thus the too and fro journey for water would be two miles (N.H.). The search of water is obligatory if there is strong feeling that the water would be available within one mile or some pious person has given information about the availablity of water, but if in search there is harm to the person or any one of his companions will get harmed during the waiting time, then it is permissible, not to search for water. (Ghayatu Autar)
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Important: In polluted condition or any other excuse one Tayyammum (dry ablution) is sufficient for both wudhu (ablution) and taking Gusl (bath). If there is fear of missing funeral Namaz (prayer) Tayyammum (dry ablution) is permissible inspite of being healthy and availability of water. But it is not permissible to the successors of the dead, since people will be waiting for them. (Noorul Hadaya)

Tayyammum (dry ablution) is permissible with clean earth or any thing of the kind of earth and clean such as earth, stone, sand, pebbles, wall built of bricks, antimony (Surma) etc. although there may be no dust on such articles. Tayyammum (dry ablution) is not permissible on silver, gold, wheat, or other grain. If such things are dusty then the Tayyammum is permissible. But it is not permissible on ashes and lime. (Noorul Hadaya & Ghayatul Autar)

Tayyamum (dry ablution) is not permissible from the dirty places although dried up. It is because purity of earth is an essential condition for Tayyammum (dry ablution). (Noorul Hadaya)

If some body makes Tayyammum (dry ablution) for funeral Namaz (prayer) or Sajda-e-Tilawat (sajda of the recitation of Holy Quran), offering Farz Namaz (prayer) with that Tayyammum (dry ablution) is permissible. (Ghayatul Autar)

If dry ablution (Tayyammum) is made for touching the Holy Quran or entering the mosque, offering Namaz (prayer) is not permissible with it. (ghayatul Autar)

Important: Tayyammum (dry ablution) is right at the time of Namaz (prayer) or before time. But as per Imam Shafai Rah, Tyyammum (dry ablution) before Namaz (prayer) is not correct. (Noorul Hadaya) If water is available after offering Namaz (prayer) with Tyyammum (dry ablution) and there is still time for Namaz (prayer), then fresh wudhu (ablution) should be made with the water and the Namaz (prayer)be repeated (Noorul Hadaya)

If a person asked water from his companion and he refused, then he may offer Namaz (prayer) with Tayyammum (dry ablution). If he gives water after Namaz he need not repeat it, but his (dry ablution) Tayyammum will be void. If he did not ask water from his friend and offered Namaz (prayer) with Tayyammum (dry ablution) the Namaz is permissible, according to Imam Azam Rah, As per Imam Mohammed Rah, and Imam Abu Yousuf Rah, it is not correct. (Noorul Hadaya)

If there is a hope of getting water, waiting till the last moment of the time of Namaz (prayer) is desirable (mustahab). If there is no hope, then one should not delay the Namaz (prayer). (Alamgiri)

Offering two Namaz (prayer) or more Namaz with one Tayyammum (dry ablution) is permissible, but as per Imam Shafai more than one Namaz (prayer) with one (dry ablution) Tayyammum is not permissible. (Noorul Hadaya)

Obligatory (Farz) Acts in Dry Ablution (Tayyammum)

1. Determination of Intent (Niyyat) for Dry ablution (Tyyammum)
2. Clean earth.
3. Striking both hands on the clean soil twice** with the first stroke rub both hands on the face in such a way that no part of the face is left out, then after striking the soil again rub both the hands with each other up to the elbows along with passing the fingers in between one another. (Noorul Hadaya, Mala Budh)
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** If the Tayyammum (dry ablution) is being done to some other person (due to invalidity) then the striking of the hand on the soil will be three times, one for the face, one for right hand, and one for the left hand. The recitation of intent (niyyat) is essential for the performer, but not the other person. (Ghayatul Autar)
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The Tradition (Sunnah) Acts of Dry Ablution

1. Striking both palms (hands) on clean earth
2. Keeping fingers apart while striking.
3. Moving hands forward and backward on the soil after the stroke.
4. After striking the hands jerking hands to dust off the excess dust .
5. Saying Bismillah.
6. Doing Masah up to the whole part of the face which is obligatory to wash in wudhu
7. Doing Masah of both hands upto elbows.
8. Performing Masah in an orderly manner, i.e. first on face and then on both the hands.
9. Doing continously. (Ghayatul Autar)

Intent (Niyyat) for Dry Ablution (Tayyammum)

Niyyat for Dry Tayyammum

(Zaoq Shaoq Namaz) I determine Intent (Niyyat) to perform Dry Ablution (Tayyammum) in order
to remove the impurity and to be capable of offering Namaz (prayer) to the Almighty Allah.

The Method of Dry Ablution (Tayyammum)

After making Intent (Niyyat) strike the hands on the clean soil (earth), then dust off the excessive dust and rub both the hands on the face in such a way that no part of the face which is necessary to wash in wudhu, is left out. Then after striking the clean soil once again, the last two fingers and half the palm of left hand should be rubbed (Masah) on the back portion of the right hand from fingers to elbow. Then the thumb, the first two fingers and the rest of the palm of the left hand should be rubbed on the front portion of the right hand from elbow pit to fingers. Then the left hand (Masah) rubbing shall be done in the same order with the right hand. While doing the Masah the Kalim-e-Shahadat shall be recited. (Zaoq Shaoq Namaz)

Performing Masah (Rubbing) on Bandage

If parts of the body of the person performing Namaz (prayer) are injured and it is harmful to wash them, then pass wet fingers over the bandage. If it is not possible to do even this much then that part can be left off and the remaining portion may be washed. (Noorul Hadaya)

Performing Masah on bandage is correct, even though the bandage was tied during impurity. Untying of the bandage does not render wudhu (ablution) void until the wound is healed completely. (Ghayatu Autar)

If the bandage falls down and the wound is healed up, then it is necessary to wash that part, if the wound is not healed and the bandage falls down, Masah will not be void. (Noorul Hadaya)

If the person is in a position to perform Masah then doing Masah over bandage is not permissible, if it is harmful to wash with cold water, wash with warm water. If warm water too is harmful, then perform Masah and if it also does harm then neither its washing is essential nor performing of Masah. (Ghayatul Autar)

The condition of Masah applies to the bandage, supporting sticks to the broken bones and the healthy portion covered by the bandage. (Ghayatul Autar)

Important: Performing Masah on the entire bandage and repeating it, is not a necessary condition. Infact performing Masah once over more than half of the bandage is sufficient. (Ghayatul Autar)